Periodic Table Element Comparison: Compare Elements - Gadolinium vs Hafnium
Compare Gadolinium and Hafnium on the basis of their properties, attributes and periodic table facts. Compare elements on more than 90 properties. All the elements of similar categories show a lot of similarities and differences in their chemical, atomic, physical properties and uses. These similarities and dissimilarities should be known while we study periodic table elements. You can study the detailed comparison between Gadolinium vs Hafnium with most reliable information about their properties, attributes, facts, uses etc. You can compare Gd vs Hf on more than 90 properties like electronegativity , oxidation state, atomic shells, orbital structure, Electronaffinity, physical states, electrical conductivity and many more. Gadolinium and Hafnium comparison table on more than 90 properties.
Gadolinium and Hafnium Comparison
Facts
| Name | Gadolinium | Hafnium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 64 | 72 |
| Atomic Symbol | Gd | Hf |
| Atomic Weight | 157.25 | 178.49 |
| Phase at STP | Solid | Solid |
| Color | Silver | Gray |
| Metallic Classification | Lanthanide | Transition Metal |
| Group in Periodic Table | group - | group 4 |
| Group Name | titanium family | |
| Period in Periodic Table | period 6 | period 6 |
| Block in Periodic Table | f -block | d -block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 | [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 |
| Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 | 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2 |
| Melting Point | 1586 K | 2506 K |
| Boiling Point | 3523 K | 4876 K |
| CAS Number | CAS7440-54-2 | CAS7440-58-6 |
| Neighborhood Elements | Neighborhood Elements of Gadolinium | Neighborhood Elements of Hafnium |
History
| Parameter | Gadolinium | Hafnium |
|---|---|---|
| History | The element Gadolinium was discovered by J. C. G. de Marignac in year 1880 in Switzerland. Gadolinium derived its name from Johan Gadolin, chemist, physicist and mineralogist. | The element Hafnium was discovered by D. Coster and G. von Hevesy in year 1922 in Denmark. Hafnium derived its name from Hafnia, the New Latin name for Copenhagen. |
| Discovery | J. C. G. de Marignac (1880) | D. Coster and G. von Hevesy (1922) |
| Isolated | P.E.L. de Boisbaudran (1886) | D. Coster and G. von Hevesy (1922) |
Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
Parts per billion (ppb) by weight / by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
| Property | Gadolinium | Hafnium |
|---|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 2 / 0.02 | 0.7 / 0.005 |
| Abundance in Sun | 2 / 0.01 | 1 / 0.01 |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 230 / 30 | 170 / 20 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 5200 / 680 | 3300 / 380 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 0.0007 / 0.000028 | 0.008 / 0.00028 |
| Abundance in Humans | - / - | - / - |
Crystal Structure and Atomic Structure
| Property | Gadolinium | Hafnium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Volume | 19.903 cm3/mol | 13.44 cm3/mol |
| Atomic Radius | 233 pm | 208 pm |
| Covalent Radius | - | 150 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius | - | - |
Atomic Spectrum - Spectral Lines | ||
| Emission Spectrum |  |  |
| Absorption Spectrum |  |  |
| Lattice Constant | 363.6, 363.6, 578.26 pm | 319.64, 319.64, 505.11 pm |
| Lattice Angle | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
| Space Group Name | P63/mmc | P63/mmc |
| Space Group Number | 194 | 194 |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal  | Simple Hexagonal |
Atomic and Orbital Properties
| Property | Gadolinium | Hafnium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 64 | 72 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 64 | 72 |
| Number of Protons | 64 | 72 |
| Mass Number | 157.25 | 178.49 |
| Number of Neutrons | 93 | 106 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 | 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2 |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 | [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 |
| Valence Electrons | 4f7 5d1 6s2 | 5d2 6s2 |
| Oxidation State | 3 | 4 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 9D2 | 3F2 |
| Shell structure |  |  |
Isotopes and Nuclear Properties
Gadolinium has 6 stable naturally occuring isotopes while Hafnium has 5 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
| Parameter | Gadolinium | Hafnium |
|---|---|---|
| Known Isotopes | 134Gd, 135Gd, 136Gd, 137Gd, 138Gd, 139Gd, 140Gd, 141Gd, 142Gd, 143Gd, 144Gd, 145Gd, 146Gd, 147Gd, 148Gd, 149Gd, 150Gd, 151Gd, 152Gd, 153Gd, 154Gd, 155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd, 158Gd, 159Gd, 160Gd, 161Gd, 162Gd, 163Gd, 164Gd, 165Gd, 166Gd, 167Gd, 168Gd, 169Gd | 153Hf, 154Hf, 155Hf, 156Hf, 157Hf, 158Hf, 159Hf, 160Hf, 161Hf, 162Hf, 163Hf, 164Hf, 165Hf, 166Hf, 167Hf, 168Hf, 169Hf, 170Hf, 171Hf, 172Hf, 173Hf, 174Hf, 175Hf, 176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, 180Hf, 181Hf, 182Hf, 183Hf, 184Hf, 185Hf, 186Hf, 187Hf, 188Hf |
| Stable Isotopes | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 154Gd, 155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd, 158Gd, 160Gd | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, 180Hf |
| Neutron Cross Section | 49000 | 104 |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 7.3 | 0.02 |
Chemical Properties: Ionization Energies and electron affinity
| Property | Gadolinium | Hafnium |
|---|---|---|
| Valence or Valency | 3 | 4 |
| Electronegativity | 1.2 Pauling Scale | 1.3 Pauling Scale |
| Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energies | 1st: 593.4 kJ/mol 2nd: 1170 kJ/mol 3rd: 1990 kJ/mol 4th: 4250 kJ/mol | 1st: 658.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1440 kJ/mol 3rd: 2250 kJ/mol 4th: 3216 kJ/mol |
Physical Properties
| Property | Gadolinium | Hafnium |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 7.901 g/cm3 | 13.31 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 19.903 cm3/mol | 13.44 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties | ||
| Young Modulus | 55 | 78 |
| Shear Modulus | 22 GPa | 30 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus | 38 GPa | 110 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.26 | 0.37 |
Hardness - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element | ||
| Mohs Hardness | - | 5.5 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | 570 MPa | 1760 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness | - | 1700 MPa |
Electrical Properties | ||
| Electrical Conductivity | 770000 S/m | 3300000 S/m |
| Resistivity | 0.0000013 m Ω | 3e-7 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | 1.083 | 0.128 |
Heat and Conduction Properties | ||
| Thermal Conductivity | 11 W/(m K) | 23 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 0.0000094 /K | 0.0000059 /K |
Magnetic Properties | ||
| Magnetic Type | Ferromagnetic | Paramagnetic |
| Curie Point | 292 K | - |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | - | 5.3e-9 m3/kg |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | - | 9.46e-10 m3/mol |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | - | 0.0000705 |
Optical Properties | ||
| Refractive Index | - | - |
Acoustic Properties | ||
| Speed of Sound | 2680 m/s | 3010 m/s |
Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
| Property | Gadolinium | Hafnium |
|---|---|---|
| Melting Point | 1586 K | 2506 K |
| Boiling Point | 3523 K | 4876 K |
| Critical Temperature | - | - |
| Superconducting Point | 1.083 | 0.128 |
Enthalpies | ||
| Heat of Fusion | 10 kJ/mol | 25.5 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 305 kJ/mol | 630 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | - | - |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
| Parameter | Gadolinium | Hafnium |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | CAS7440-54-2 | CAS7440-58-6 |
| RTECS Number | RTECSLW3850000 | RTECSMG4600000 |
| DOT Hazard Class | - | 4.2 |
| DOT Numbers | - | 2545 |
| EU Number | - | - |
| NFPA Fire Rating | - | - |
| NFPA Health Rating | - | - |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | - | - |
| NFPA Hazards | - | - |
| AutoIgnition Point | - | - |
| Flashpoint | - | - |
Compare With Other Elements
Compare Gadolinium and Hafnium with other elements of the periodic table.