Periodic Table Element Comparison: Compare Elements - Lead vs Germanium
Compare Lead and Germanium on the basis of their properties, attributes and periodic table facts. Compare elements on more than 90 properties. All the elements of similar categories show a lot of similarities and differences in their chemical, atomic, physical properties and uses. These similarities and dissimilarities should be known while we study periodic table elements. You can study the detailed comparison between Lead vs Germanium with most reliable information about their properties, attributes, facts, uses etc. You can compare Pb vs Ge on more than 90 properties like electronegativity , oxidation state, atomic shells, orbital structure, Electronaffinity, physical states, electrical conductivity and many more. Lead and Germanium comparison table on more than 90 properties.
Lead and Germanium Comparison
Facts
| Name | Lead | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 82 | 32 |
| Atomic Symbol | Pb | Ge |
| Atomic Weight | 207.2 | 72.64 |
| Phase at STP | Solid | Solid |
| Color | SlateGray | Gray |
| Metallic Classification | Post Transition Metal | Metalloid |
| Group in Periodic Table | group 14 | group 14 |
| Group Name | carbon family | carbon family |
| Period in Periodic Table | period 6 | period 4 |
| Block in Periodic Table | p -block | p -block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
| Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
| Melting Point | 600.61 K | 1211.4 K |
| Boiling Point | 2022 K | 3093 K |
| CAS Number | CAS7439-92-1 | CAS7440-56-4 |
| Neighborhood Elements | Neighborhood Elements of Lead | Neighborhood Elements of Germanium |
History
| Parameter | Lead | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| History | The element Lead was discovered by Africans in year 7000 BCE. Lead derived its name from English word (plumbum in Latin). | The element Germanium was discovered by C. A. Winkler in year 1886 in Germany. Germanium derived its name from Germania, the Latin name for Germany. |
| Discovery | Africans (7000 BCE) | C. A. Winkler (1886) |
| Isolated | Abydos, Egypt (3800 BCE) | () |
Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
Parts per billion (ppb) by weight / by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
| Property | Lead | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 10 / 0.06 | 200 / 3 |
| Abundance in Sun | 10 / 0.07 | 200 / 3 |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 1400 / 100 | 21000 / 4900 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 10000 / 1000 | 1400 / 390 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 0.03 / 0.00090 | 0.06 / 0.0051 |
| Abundance in Humans | 1700 / 50 | - / - |
Crystal Structure and Atomic Structure
| Property | Lead | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Volume | 18.27 cm3/mol | 13.646 cm3/mol |
| Atomic Radius | 154 pm | 125 pm |
| Covalent Radius | 147 pm | 122 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius | 202 pm | 211 pm |
Atomic Spectrum - Spectral Lines | ||
| Emission Spectrum |  |  |
| Absorption Spectrum |  |  |
| Lattice Constant | 495.08, 495.08, 495.08 pm | 565.75, 565.75, 565.75 pm |
| Lattice Angle | π/2, π/2, π/2 | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
| Space Group Name | Fm_ 3m | Fm_ 3m |
| Space Group Number | 225 | 225 |
| Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic  | Face Centered Cubic |
Atomic and Orbital Properties
| Property | Lead | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 82 | 32 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 82 | 32 |
| Number of Protons | 82 | 32 |
| Mass Number | 207.2 | 72.64 |
| Number of Neutrons | 125 | 41 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
| Valence Electrons | 6s2 6p2 | 4s2 4p2 |
| Oxidation State | 2, 4 | -4, 2, 4 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 3P0 | 3P0 |
| Shell structure |  |  |
Isotopes and Nuclear Properties
Lead has 4 stable naturally occuring isotopes while Germanium has 4 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
| Parameter | Lead | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Known Isotopes | 178Pb, 179Pb, 180Pb, 181Pb, 182Pb, 183Pb, 184Pb, 185Pb, 186Pb, 187Pb, 188Pb, 189Pb, 190Pb, 191Pb, 192Pb, 193Pb, 194Pb, 195Pb, 196Pb, 197Pb, 198Pb, 199Pb, 200Pb, 201Pb, 202Pb, 203Pb, 204Pb, 205Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb, 209Pb, 210Pb, 211Pb, 212Pb, 213Pb, 214Pb, 215Pb | 58Ge, 59Ge, 60Ge, 61Ge, 62Ge, 63Ge, 64Ge, 65Ge, 66Ge, 67Ge, 68Ge, 69Ge, 70Ge, 71Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, 75Ge, 76Ge, 77Ge, 78Ge, 79Ge, 80Ge, 81Ge, 82Ge, 83Ge, 84Ge, 85Ge, 86Ge, 87Ge, 88Ge, 89Ge |
| Stable Isotopes | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge |
| Neutron Cross Section | 0.171 | 2.2 |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00003 | 0.0011 |
Chemical Properties: Ionization Energies and electron affinity
| Property | Lead | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Valence or Valency | 4 | 4 |
| Electronegativity | 2.33 Pauling Scale | 2.01 Pauling Scale |
| Electron Affinity | 35.1 kJ/mol | 119 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energies | 1st: 715.6 kJ/mol 2nd: 1450.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3081.5 kJ/mol 4th: 4083 kJ/mol 5th: 6640 kJ/mol | 1st: 762 kJ/mol 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol 4th: 4411 kJ/mol 5th: 9020 kJ/mol |
Physical Properties
| Property | Lead | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 11.34 g/cm3 | 5.323 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 18.27 cm3/mol | 13.646 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties | ||
| Young Modulus | 16 | - |
| Shear Modulus | 5.6 GPa | - |
| Bulk Modulus | 46 GPa | - |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.44 | - |
Hardness - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element | ||
| Mohs Hardness | 1.5 MPa | 6 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | - | - |
| Brinell Hardness | 38.3 MPa | - |
Electrical Properties | ||
| Electrical Conductivity | 4800000 S/m | 2000 S/m |
| Resistivity | 2.1e-7 m Ω | 0.0005 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | 7.2 | - |
Heat and Conduction Properties | ||
| Thermal Conductivity | 35 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 0.0000289 /K | 0.000006 /K |
Magnetic Properties | ||
| Magnetic Type | Diamagnetic | Diamagnetic |
| Curie Point | - | - |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | -1.5e-9 m3/kg | -1.5e-9 m3/kg |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | -3.11e-10 m3/mol | -1.09e-10 m3/mol |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | -0.000017 | -0.00000798 |
Optical Properties | ||
| Refractive Index | - | - |
Acoustic Properties | ||
| Speed of Sound | 1260 m/s | 5400 m/s |
Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
| Property | Lead | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Melting Point | 600.61 K | 1211.4 K |
| Boiling Point | 2022 K | 3093 K |
| Critical Temperature | - | - |
| Superconducting Point | 7.2 | - |
Enthalpies | ||
| Heat of Fusion | 4.77 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 178 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | - | -536 J/(kg K) |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
| Parameter | Lead | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | CAS7439-92-1 | CAS7440-56-4 |
| RTECS Number | RTECSOF7525000 | RTECSLY5200000 |
| DOT Hazard Class | - | 4.1 |
| DOT Numbers | 3077 | 3089 |
| EU Number | - | - |
| NFPA Fire Rating | 0 | 0 |
| NFPA Health Rating | 2 | 1 |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | 0 | 0 |
| NFPA Hazards | - | - |
| AutoIgnition Point | - | - |
| Flashpoint | - | - |
Compare With Other Elements
Compare Lead and Germanium with other elements of the periodic table.