F - Fluorine

Fluorine is a common addition to drinking water and is used as a cleaning agent in toothpaste. The chemical can dissolve glass and is used mainly as an etching compound. It is also used to make uranium hexafluoride, used by the nuclear power industry to separate uranium isotopes and to make sulfur hexafluoride, the insulating gas for high-power electricity transformers. Fluorine is additionally used in many solvents and high-temperature plastics, such as Teflon and Gore-Tex®.

The table below shows the abundance of Fluorine in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

The solid state structure of Fluorine is Base Centered Monoclinic.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( x_i, y_i, z_i) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group Name	C12/c1
Space Group Number	15
Crystal Structure	Base Centered Monoclinic
Number of atoms per unit cell

Fluorine atoms have 9 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 7] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) ²P_3/2.

Atomic Number	9
Number of Electrons (with no charge)	9
Number of Protons	9
Mass Number	19
Number of Neutrons	10
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)	2, 7
Electron Configuration	[He] 2s2 2p5
Valence Electrons	2s2 2p5
Valence (Valency)	1
Main Oxidation States	-1
Oxidation States	-1, 0
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)	2P3/2

Bohr Atomic Model of Fluorine - Electrons per energy level

n		s	p	d	f

Ground State Electronic Configuration of Fluorine - neutral Fluorine atom

Abbreviated electronic configuration of Fluorine

The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Fluorine atom is [He] 2s2 2p5. The portion of Fluorine configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [He]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 2s2 2p5, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Fluorine

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Fluorine atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p5

Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.

As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.

Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.

Atomic Structure of Fluorine

Fluorine atomic radius is 42 pm, while it's covalent radius is 71 pm.

Spectral Lines of Fluorine - Atomic Spectrum of Fluorine

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.

Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.

Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.

Emission spectrum of Fluorine

Absorption spectrum of Fluorine

The electron affinity of Fluorine is 328 kJ/mol.

Ionization Energy of Fluorine

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Fluorine

Refer to below table for Fluorine Physical Properties

Elastic Properties

Hardness of Fluorine - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Fluorine Electrical Properties

Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).

Fluorine is a -. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Fluorine

Fluorine Heat and Conduction Properties

Fluorine Magnetic Properties

Optical Properties of Fluorine

Acoustic Properties of Fluorine

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Fluorine

Enthalpies of Fluorine

Fluorine has 18 isotopes, with between 14 and 31 nucleons. Fluorine has 1 stable naturally occuring isotopes.

Isotopes of Fluorine - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 19F.

The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.

NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.

The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases