Periodic Table Element Comparison: Compare Elements - Gallium vs Mercury
Compare Gallium and Mercury on the basis of their properties, attributes and periodic table facts. Compare elements on more than 90 properties. All the elements of similar categories show a lot of similarities and differences in their chemical, atomic, physical properties and uses. These similarities and dissimilarities should be known while we study periodic table elements. You can study the detailed comparison between Gallium vs Mercury with most reliable information about their properties, attributes, facts, uses etc. You can compare Ga vs Hg on more than 90 properties like electronegativity , oxidation state, atomic shells, orbital structure, Electronaffinity, physical states, electrical conductivity and many more. Gallium and Mercury comparison table on more than 90 properties.
Gallium and Mercury Comparison
Facts
| Name | Gallium | Mercury |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 31 | 80 |
| Atomic Symbol | Ga | Hg |
| Atomic Weight | 69.723 | 200.59 |
| Phase at STP | Solid | Liquid |
| Color | Silver | Silver |
| Metallic Classification | Post Transition Metal | Transition Metal |
| Group in Periodic Table | group 13 | group 12 |
| Group Name | boron family | zinc family |
| Period in Periodic Table | period 4 | period 6 |
| Block in Periodic Table | p -block | d -block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 |
| Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 18, 3 | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 |
| Melting Point | 302.91 K | 234.32 K |
| Boiling Point | 2477 K | 629.88 K |
| CAS Number | CAS7440-55-3 | CAS7439-97-6 |
| Neighborhood Elements | Neighborhood Elements of Gallium | Neighborhood Elements of Mercury |
History
| Parameter | Gallium | Mercury |
|---|---|---|
| History | The element Gallium was discovered by P. E. L. de Boisbaudran in year 1875 in France. Gallium derived its name from Gallia, the Latin name for France. | The element Mercury was discovered by Indians/Chinese in year Before 2000 BCE. Mercury derived its name from the New Latin name mercurius, named after the Roman god (Hg from former name hydrargyrum, from Greek hydr-, 'water', and argyros, 'silver'). |
| Discovery | P. E. L. de Boisbaudran (1875) | Indians/Chinese (Before 2000 BCE) |
| Isolated | P. E. L. de Boisbaudran () | Egypt (1500 BCE) |
Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
Parts per billion (ppb) by weight / by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
| Property | Gallium | Mercury |
|---|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 10 / 0.2 | 1 / 0.006 |
| Abundance in Sun | 40 / 0.6 | 20 / 0.12 |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 7800 / 2000 | 250 / 20 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 19000 / 5500 | 67 / 7 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 0.03 / 0.0027 | 0.05 / 0.0015 |
| Abundance in Humans | - / - | - / - |
Crystal Structure and Atomic Structure
| Property | Gallium | Mercury |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Volume | 11.809 cm3/mol | 14.09 cm3/mol |
| Atomic Radius | 136 pm | 171 pm |
| Covalent Radius | 126 pm | 149 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius | 187 pm | 155 pm |
Atomic Spectrum - Spectral Lines | ||
| Emission Spectrum |  |  |
| Absorption Spectrum |  |  |
| Lattice Constant | 451.97, 766.33, 452.6 pm | 300.5, 300.5, 300.5 pm |
| Lattice Angle | π/2, π/2, π/2 | 1.23081, 1.23081, 1.23081 |
| Space Group Name | Cmca | R_ 3m |
| Space Group Number | 64 | 166 |
| Crystal Structure | Base Centered Orthorhombic  | Simple Trigonal  |
Atomic and Orbital Properties
| Property | Gallium | Mercury |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 31 | 80 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 31 | 80 |
| Number of Protons | 31 | 80 |
| Mass Number | 69.723 | 200.59 |
| Number of Neutrons | 39 | 121 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 18, 3 | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 |
| Valence Electrons | 4s2 4p1 | 5d10 6s2 |
| Oxidation State | 3 | 1, 2 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 2P1/2 | 1S0 |
| Shell structure |  |  |
Isotopes and Nuclear Properties
Gallium has 2 stable naturally occuring isotopes while Mercury has 7 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
| Parameter | Gallium | Mercury |
|---|---|---|
| Known Isotopes | 56Ga, 57Ga, 58Ga, 59Ga, 60Ga, 61Ga, 62Ga, 63Ga, 64Ga, 65Ga, 66Ga, 67Ga, 68Ga, 69Ga, 70Ga, 71Ga, 72Ga, 73Ga, 74Ga, 75Ga, 76Ga, 77Ga, 78Ga, 79Ga, 80Ga, 81Ga, 82Ga, 83Ga, 84Ga, 85Ga, 86Ga | 171Hg, 172Hg, 173Hg, 174Hg, 175Hg, 176Hg, 177Hg, 178Hg, 179Hg, 180Hg, 181Hg, 182Hg, 183Hg, 184Hg, 185Hg, 186Hg, 187Hg, 188Hg, 189Hg, 190Hg, 191Hg, 192Hg, 193Hg, 194Hg, 195Hg, 196Hg, 197Hg, 198Hg, 199Hg, 200Hg, 201Hg, 202Hg, 203Hg, 204Hg, 205Hg, 206Hg, 207Hg, 208Hg, 209Hg, 210Hg |
| Stable Isotopes | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 69Ga, 71Ga | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 196Hg, 198Hg, 199Hg, 200Hg, 201Hg, 202Hg, 204Hg |
| Neutron Cross Section | 2.9 | 374 |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0015 | 0.063 |
Chemical Properties: Ionization Energies and electron affinity
| Property | Gallium | Mercury |
|---|---|---|
| Valence or Valency | 3 | 2 |
| Electronegativity | 1.81 Pauling Scale | 2 Pauling Scale |
| Electron Affinity | 28.9 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energies | 1st: 578.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol 3rd: 2963 kJ/mol 4th: 6180 kJ/mol | 1st: 1007.1 kJ/mol 2nd: 1810 kJ/mol 3rd: 3300 kJ/mol |
Physical Properties
| Property | Gallium | Mercury |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 5.904 g/cm3 | 13.534 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 11.809 cm3/mol | 14.09 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties | ||
| Young Modulus | - | - |
| Shear Modulus | - | - |
| Bulk Modulus | - | 25 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio | - | - |
Hardness - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element | ||
| Mohs Hardness | 1.5 MPa | - |
| Vickers Hardness | - | - |
| Brinell Hardness | 60 MPa | - |
Electrical Properties | ||
| Electrical Conductivity | 7100000 S/m | 1000000 S/m |
| Resistivity | 1.39e-7 m Ω | 9.6e-7 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | 1.083 | 4.154 |
Heat and Conduction Properties | ||
| Thermal Conductivity | 29 W/(m K) | 8.3 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 0.00012 /K | - |
Magnetic Properties | ||
| Magnetic Type | Diamagnetic | Diamagnetic |
| Curie Point | - | - |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | -3e-9 m3/kg | -2.1e-9 m3/kg |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | -2.09e-10 m3/mol | -4.21e-10 m3/mol |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | -0.0000177 | -0.0000284 |
Optical Properties | ||
| Refractive Index | - | 1.000933 |
Acoustic Properties | ||
| Speed of Sound | 2740 m/s | 1407 m/s |
Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
| Property | Gallium | Mercury |
|---|---|---|
| Melting Point | 302.91 K | 234.32 K |
| Boiling Point | 2477 K | 629.88 K |
| Critical Temperature | - | 1750 K |
| Superconducting Point | 1.083 | 4.154 |
Enthalpies | ||
| Heat of Fusion | 5.59 kJ/mol | 2.29 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 256 kJ/mol | 59.2 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | - | - |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
| Parameter | Gallium | Mercury |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | CAS7440-55-3 | CAS7439-97-6 |
| RTECS Number | RTECSLW8600000 | RTECSOV4550000 |
| DOT Hazard Class | 8 | 8 |
| DOT Numbers | 2803 | 2809 |
| EU Number | - | - |
| NFPA Fire Rating | 0 | 0 |
| NFPA Health Rating | 1 | 3 |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | 0 | 0 |
| NFPA Hazards | - | - |
| AutoIgnition Point | - | - |
| Flashpoint | - | - |
Compare With Other Elements
Compare Gallium and Mercury with other elements of the periodic table.