Rutherfordium Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements
Rutherfordium is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named in honor of physicist Ernest Rutherford. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 267Rf, has a half-life of approximately 1.3 hours. In the periodic table of the elements, it is a d - block element and the second of the fourth - row transition elements.
It belongs to group 4 of the periodic table having trivial name null. You can also download Printable Periodic Table of Elements Flashcards for Rutherfordium in a PDF format.
Rutherfordium Facts
Read key information and facts about element Rutherfordium
Name | Rutherfordium |
Atomic Number | 104 |
Atomic Symbol | Rf |
Atomic Weight | 261 |
Phase | Solid |
Color | - |
Appearance | - |
Classification | Transition Metal |
Natural Occurance | Synthetic |
Group in Periodic Table | 4 |
Group Name | titanium family |
Period in Periodic Table | period 7 |
Block in Periodic Table | d-block |
Electronic Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 |
Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2 |
Melting Point | - |
Boiling Point | - |
CAS Number | CAS53850-36-5 |
How to Locate Rutherfordium on Periodic Table
Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 104 to find Rutherfordium on periodic table.
Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Rutherfordium on periodic table look for cross section of group 4 and period 7 in the modern periodic table.
Rutherfordium History
The element Rutherfordium was discovered by A. Ghiorso,M. Nurmia,J. Harris,K. Eskola and P. Eskola in year 1969 in Russia and United States. Rutherfordium was first isolated by in . Rutherfordium derived its name from Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist.
Discovered By | A. Ghiorso,M. Nurmia,J. Harris,K. Eskola and P. Eskola |
Discovery Date | 1969 in Russia and United States |
First Isolation | |
Isolated by |
Prepared by bombardment of californium with carbon atoms.
Rutherfordium Uses
The element Rutherfordium has No uses outside scientific research. Since element Rutherfordium has extremely short half-lives
Rutherfordium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
As Rutherfordium is a Synthetic element, the abundance of Rutherfordium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body in either not known or they have a very short half life.
Crystal Structure of Rutherfordium
The solid state structure of Rutherfordium is Simple Hexagonal.
The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.
Unit Cell Parameters
The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)
a | b | c |
---|---|---|
and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).
alpha | beta | gamma |
---|---|---|
The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.
The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.
Space Group Name | - |
Space Group Number | - |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal |
Number of atoms per unit cell |
The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.
Rutherfordium Atomic and Orbital Properties
Rutherfordium atoms have 104 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 3F2.
Atomic Number | 104 |
Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 104 |
Number of Protons | 104 |
Mass Number | 261 |
Number of Neutrons | 157 |
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 |
Valence Electrons | 6d2 7s2 |
Valence (Valency) | 4 |
Main Oxidation States | 4 |
Oxidation States | 4 |
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 3F2 |
Bohr Atomic Model of Rutherfordium - Electrons per energy level
n | s | p | d | f |
---|
Ground State Electronic Configuration of Rutherfordium - neutral Rutherfordium atom
Abbreviated electronic configuration of Rutherfordium
The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Rutherfordium atom is [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2. The portion of Rutherfordium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Rn]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 6d2 7s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.
Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Rutherfordium
Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Rutherfordium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 5f14 6d2 7s2
Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.
As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…
The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.
Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.
Atomic Structure of Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium atomic radius is -, while it's covalent radius is -.
Atomic Radius Calculated | - |
Atomic Radius Empirical | - |
Atomic Volume | - |
Covalent Radius | - |
Van der Waals Radius | - |
Neutron Cross Section | - |
Neutron Mass Absorption | - |
Spectral Lines of Rutherfordium - Atomic Spectrum of Rutherfordium
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.
Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.
Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.
Emission spectrum of Rutherfordium
Emission spectrum of Rutherfordium is not available
Absorption spectrum of Rutherfordium
Absorption spectrum of Rutherfordium is not available
Rutherfordium Chemical Properties: Rutherfordium Ionization Energies and electron affinity
The electron affinity of Rutherfordium is -.
Valence | 4 |
Electronegativity | - |
ElectronAffinity | - |
Ionization Energy of Rutherfordium
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).
Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Rutherfordium
Ionization energy number | Enthalpy - kJ/mol |
---|---|
1st | 580 |
Rutherfordium Physical Properties
Refer to below table for Rutherfordium Physical Properties
Density | - |
Molar Volume | - |
Elastic Properties
Young Modulus | - |
Shear Modulus | - |
Bulk Modulus | - |
Poisson Ratio | - |
Hardness of Rutherfordium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element
Mohs Hardness | - |
Vickers Hardness | - |
Brinell Hardness | - |
Rutherfordium Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).
Rutherfordium is a -. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Rutherfordium
Electrical conductors | - |
Electrical Conductivity | - |
Resistivity | - |
Superconducting Point | - |
Rutherfordium Heat and Conduction Properties
Thermal Conductivity | - |
Thermal Expansion | - |
Rutherfordium Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Type | - |
Curie Point | - |
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | - |
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | - |
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | - |
Optical Properties of Rutherfordium
Refractive Index | - |
Acoustic Properties of Rutherfordium
Speed of Sound | - |
Rutherfordium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Rutherfordium
Melting Point | - |
Boiling Point | - |
Critical Temperature | - |
Superconducting Point | - |
Enthalpies of Rutherfordium
Heat of Fusion | - |
Heat of Vaporization | - |
Heat of Combustion | - |
Rutherfordium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium has 16 isotopes, with between 253 and 268 nucleons. Rutherfordium has 0 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
Isotopes of Rutherfordium - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: -.
Isotope | Z | N | Isotope Mass | % Abundance | T half | Decay Mode |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
253Rf | 104 | 149 | 253 | Synthetic | ||
254Rf | 104 | 150 | 254 | Synthetic | ||
255Rf | 104 | 151 | 255 | Synthetic | ||
256Rf | 104 | 152 | 256 | Synthetic | ||
257Rf | 104 | 153 | 257 | Synthetic | ||
258Rf | 104 | 154 | 258 | Synthetic | ||
259Rf | 104 | 155 | 259 | Synthetic | ||
260Rf | 104 | 156 | 260 | Synthetic | ||
261Rf | 104 | 157 | 261 | Synthetic | 13.1 h | AlphaEmission |
262Rf | 104 | 158 | 262 | Synthetic | ||
263Rf | 104 | 159 | 263 | Synthetic | ||
264Rf | 104 | 160 | 264 | Synthetic | ||
265Rf | 104 | 161 | 265 | Synthetic | ||
266Rf | 104 | 162 | 266 | Synthetic | ||
267Rf | 104 | 163 | 267 | Synthetic | ||
268Rf | 104 | 164 | 268 | Synthetic |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.
NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.
The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.
NFPA Fire Rating | N/A | N/A |
NFPA Health Rating | N/A | N/A |
NFPA Reactivity Rating | N/A | N/A |
NFPA Hazards | N/A |
Autoignition Point | - |
Flashpoint | - |
Database Search
List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases
Database | Identifier number |
---|---|
CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) | CAS53850-36-5 |
RTECS Number | - |
CID Number | - |
Gmelin Number | - |
NSC Number | - |
Compare Rutherfordium with other elements
Compare Rutherfordium with Group 4, Period 7 and Transition Metal elements of the periodic table.
Compare Rutherfordium with all Group 4 elements
Compare Rutherfordium with all Period 7 elements
Compare Rutherfordium with all Transition Metal elements
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Find the answers to the most frequently asked questions about Rutherfordium