Palladium Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements
Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas.
It belongs to group 10 of the periodic table having trivial name null. You can also download Printable Periodic Table of Elements Flashcards for Palladium in a PDF format.
Palladium Facts
Read key information and facts about element Palladium
| Name | Palladium |
| Atomic Number | 46 |
| Atomic Symbol | Pd |
| Atomic Weight | 106.42 |
| Phase | Solid |
| Color | Silver |
| Appearance | silvery white |
| Classification | Transition Metal |
| Natural Occurance | Primordial |
| Group in Periodic Table | 10 |
| Group Name | nickel family |
| Period in Periodic Table | period 5 |
| Block in Periodic Table | d-block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 |
| Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 18, 18 |
| Melting Point | 1828.05 K |
| Boiling Point | 3236 K |
| CAS Number | CAS7440-05-3 |
How to Locate Palladium on Periodic Table
Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 46 to find Palladium on periodic table.
Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Palladium on periodic table look for cross section of group 10 and period 5 in the modern periodic table.
Palladium History
The element Palladium was discovered by H. Wollaston in year 1803 in United Kingdom. Palladium was first isolated by H. Wollaston in 1803. Palladium derived its name .
| Discovered By | H. Wollaston |
| Discovery Date | 1803 in United Kingdom |
| First Isolation | 1803 |
| Isolated by | H. Wollaston |
Wollaston discovered it in samples of platinum from South America, but did not publish his results immediately. He had intended to name it after the newly discoveredasteroid,Ceres, but by the time he published his results in 1804, cerium had taken that name. Wollaston named it after the more recently discovered asteroidPallas.
Palladium Uses
Palladium is an important element of the catalytic conversion process. It is also used in jewellery and dental fillings.
Palladium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
The table below shows the abundance of Palladium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.
| ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %) | ppb by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %) | |
|---|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 2 | 0.02 |
| Abundance in Sun | 3 | 0.04 |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 670 | 130 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 6.3 | 1 |
| Abundance in Oceans | - | - |
| Abundance in Humans | - | - |
Crystal Structure of Palladium
The solid state structure of Palladium is Face Centered Cubic.
The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.
Unit Cell Parameters
The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)
| a | b | c |
|---|---|---|
| 389.07 pm | 389.07 pm | 389.07 pm |
and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).
| alpha | beta | gamma |
|---|---|---|
| π/2 | π/2 | π/2 |
The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.
The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.
| Space Group Name | Fm_ 3m |
| Space Group Number | 225 |
| Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic |
| Number of atoms per unit cell | 4 |
The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.
Palladium Atomic and Orbital Properties
Palladium atoms have 46 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 18] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 1S0.
| Atomic Number | 46 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 46 |
| Number of Protons | 46 |
| Mass Number | 106 |
| Number of Neutrons | 60 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 18, 18 |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 |
| Valence Electrons | 4d10 |
| Valence (Valency) | 4 |
| Main Oxidation States | 0, 2, 4 |
| Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 1S0 |
Bohr Atomic Model of Palladium - Electrons per energy level
| n | s | p | d | f |
|---|
Ground State Electronic Configuration of Palladium - neutral Palladium atom
Abbreviated electronic configuration of Palladium
The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Palladium atom is [Kr] 4d10. The portion of Palladium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Kr]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 4d10, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.
Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Palladium
Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Palladium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10
Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.
As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…
The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.
Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.
Atomic Structure of Palladium
Palladium atomic radius is 169 pm, while it's covalent radius is 131 pm.
| Atomic Radius Calculated | 169 pm(1.69 Å) |
| Atomic Radius Empirical | 140 pm (1.4 Å) |
| Atomic Volume | 8.8514 cm3/mol |
| Covalent Radius | 131 pm (1.31 Å) |
| Van der Waals Radius | 163 pm |
| Neutron Cross Section | 6.9 |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0023 |
Spectral Lines of Palladium - Atomic Spectrum of Palladium
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.
Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.
Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.
Emission spectrum of Palladium
Absorption spectrum of Palladium
Palladium Chemical Properties: Palladium Ionization Energies and electron affinity
The electron affinity of Palladium is 53.7 kJ/mol.
| Valence | 4 |
| Electronegativity | 2.2 |
| ElectronAffinity | 53.7 kJ/mol |
Ionization Energy of Palladium
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).
Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Palladium
| Ionization energy number | Enthalpy - kJ/mol |
|---|---|
| 1st | 804.4 |
| 2nd | 1870 |
| 3rd | 3177 |
Palladium Physical Properties
Refer to below table for Palladium Physical Properties
| Density | 12.023 g/cm3(when liquid at m.p density is $10.38 g/cm3) |
| Molar Volume | 8.8514 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties
| Young Modulus | 121 |
| Shear Modulus | 44 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus | 180 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.39 |
Hardness of Palladium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element
| Mohs Hardness | 4.75 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | 461 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness | 37.3 MPa |
Palladium Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).
Palladium is a conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Palladium
| Electrical conductors | Conductor |
| Electrical Conductivity | 10000000 S/m |
| Resistivity | 1e-7 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | - |
Palladium Heat and Conduction Properties
| Thermal Conductivity | 72 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 0.0000118 /K |
Palladium Magnetic Properties
| Magnetic Type | Paramagnetic |
| Curie Point | - |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | 6.57e-8 m3/kg |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | 6.992e-9 m3/mol |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | 0.0007899 |
Optical Properties of Palladium
| Refractive Index | - |
Acoustic Properties of Palladium
| Speed of Sound | 3070 m/s |
Palladium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Palladium
| Melting Point | 1828.05 K(1554.90 °C, 2830.820 °F) |
| Boiling Point | 3236 K(2962.85 °C, 5365.130 °F) |
| Critical Temperature | - |
| Superconducting Point | - |
Enthalpies of Palladium
| Heat of Fusion | 16.7 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 380 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | - |
Palladium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Palladium
Palladium has 34 isotopes, with between 91 and 124 nucleons. Palladium has 6 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
Isotopes of Palladium - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 102Pd, 104Pd, 105Pd, 106Pd, 108Pd, 110Pd.
| Isotope | Z | N | Isotope Mass | % Abundance | T half | Decay Mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 91Pd | 46 | 45 | 91 | Synthetic | ||
| 92Pd | 46 | 46 | 92 | Synthetic | ||
| 93Pd | 46 | 47 | 93 | Synthetic | ||
| 94Pd | 46 | 48 | 94 | Synthetic | ||
| 95Pd | 46 | 49 | 95 | Synthetic | ||
| 96Pd | 46 | 50 | 96 | Synthetic | ||
| 97Pd | 46 | 51 | 97 | Synthetic | ||
| 98Pd | 46 | 52 | 98 | Synthetic | ||
| 99Pd | 46 | 53 | 99 | Synthetic | ||
| 100Pd | 46 | 54 | 100 | Synthetic | ||
| 101Pd | 46 | 55 | 101 | Synthetic | ||
| 102Pd | 46 | 56 | 102 | 1.02% | Stable | N/A |
| 103Pd | 46 | 57 | 103 | Synthetic | ||
| 104Pd | 46 | 58 | 104 | 11.14% | Stable | N/A |
| 105Pd | 46 | 59 | 105 | 22.33% | Stable | N/A |
| 106Pd | 46 | 60 | 106 | 27.33% | Stable | |
| 107Pd | 46 | 61 | 107 | Synthetic | ||
| 108Pd | 46 | 62 | 108 | 26.46% | Stable | N/A |
| 109Pd | 46 | 63 | 109 | Synthetic | ||
| 110Pd | 46 | 64 | 110 | 11.72% | Stable | N/A |
| 111Pd | 46 | 65 | 111 | Synthetic | ||
| 112Pd | 46 | 66 | 112 | Synthetic | ||
| 113Pd | 46 | 67 | 113 | Synthetic | ||
| 114Pd | 46 | 68 | 114 | Synthetic | ||
| 115Pd | 46 | 69 | 115 | Synthetic | ||
| 116Pd | 46 | 70 | 116 | Synthetic | ||
| 117Pd | 46 | 71 | 117 | Synthetic | ||
| 118Pd | 46 | 72 | 118 | Synthetic | ||
| 119Pd | 46 | 73 | 119 | Synthetic | ||
| 120Pd | 46 | 74 | 120 | Synthetic | ||
| 121Pd | 46 | 75 | 121 | Synthetic | ||
| 122Pd | 46 | 76 | 122 | Synthetic | ||
| 123Pd | 46 | 77 | 123 | Synthetic | ||
| 124Pd | 46 | 78 | 124 | Synthetic |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.
| DOT Numbers | 3200 |
| DOT Hazard Class | 4.2 |
NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.
The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.
| NFPA Fire Rating | 0 | Will not burn |
| NFPA Health Rating | 1 | Flash Points Above 93.3°C (200°F) |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | 0 | Will not burn |
| NFPA Hazards |
| Autoignition Point | - |
| Flashpoint | - |
Database Search
List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases
| Database | Identifier number |
|---|---|
| CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) | CAS7440-05-3 |
| RTECS Number | RTECSRT3480500 |
| CID Number | CID23938 |
| Gmelin Number | - |
| NSC Number | - |
Compare Palladium with other elements
Compare Palladium with Group 10, Period 5 and Transition Metal elements of the periodic table.
Compare Palladium with all Group 10 elements
Compare Palladium with all Period 5 elements
Compare Palladium with all Transition Metal elements
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Find the answers to the most frequently asked questions about Palladium